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Understanding about file/folder permission for Linux System

There are three types of access restrictions:


Permission Action Chmod Option
Read View r or 4
Write Edit w or 2
Execute Execute x or 1


There are also three types of user restrictions:


User ls Output
Owner -rwx------
Group ----rwx---
Other -------rwx

Understanding of Symbolic Notation:


Symbolic Notation Octal Notation Meaning
---------- 0000 No Permissions
---x--x--x 0111 Execute
--w--w--w- 0222 Write
--wx-wx-wx 0333 Write & Execute
-r--r--r-- 0444 Read
-r-xr-xr-x 0555 Read & Execute
-rw-rw-rw- 0666 Read & Write
-rwxrwxrwx 0777 Read, Write & Execute

Example:

If permission like 755,
  • 7 - rwx (Owner can read, write & execute)
  • 5 - r-x  (Group user can read & execute)
  • 5 - r-x  (Group user can read & execute)
On production server, this kind of permission is useful & secure.

For files:
  • sudo find ./ -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
For folders:
  • sudo find ./ -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
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