There are three types of access restrictions: Permission Action Chmod Option Read View r or 4 Write Edit w or 2 Execute Execute x or 1 There are also three types of user restrictions: User ls Output Owner -rwx------ Group ----rwx--- Other -------rwx Understanding of Symbolic Notation: Symbolic Notation Octal Notation Meaning ---------- 0000 No Permissions ---x--x--x 0111 Execute --w--w--w- 0222 Write --wx-wx-wx 0333 Write & Execute -r--r--r-- 0444 Read -r-xr-xr-x 0555 Read & Execute -rw-rw-rw- 0666 Read & Write -rwxrwxrw...